Comment: Why the Norway model is flawed for Brexit Published on: 25 August 2016 Writing for The Conversation, Dr Francesco De-Cecco explains why the 'Norway option' wouldn't meet Vote Leave's aims. Bergen, in Norway , The aftermath of the Brexit referendum has intensified the debate on alternative templates for the UK鈥檚 relationship with the European Union. The 鈥淣orway option鈥�, an arrangement which allows Norway access to the single market without being a member of the EU, is on the journey towards Brexit鈥檚 final destination. If this is the case, and given that transitions often outlast their intended life-span, it is worth examining the context in which Norway operates with the EU. Norway is a member of the , a free trade group, along with Iceland, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It is also a member of the , which gives it access to the EU鈥檚 single market. The question of 鈥榗ontrol鈥� The Norway option most claims of 鈥渢aking back control鈥� made during the referendum campaign. This is because, in order to benefit from membership of the single market, Norway has to accept the free movement of persons, along with goods, services and capital. Free movement within the EEA is a . Even if the UK was able to secure an agreement to join the EEA and introduce limits on free movement of persons (which seems unlikely), the Norway option would still betray the , as the UK would, , continue to be bound by a large proportion of EU law. Norway is affected by a number of EU laws. EPA/Patrick Seeger Leave voters鈥� key concern that would also not be addressed. Decisions on competition and state aid, which affect businesses and public bodies in the UK, would continue to be taken in Brussels by a supranational body, the which applies (the equivalent of) EU competition law. During the referendum campaign, the Leave campaign promoted the () view that the EU rules on state aid the UK government from intervening in support of the steel industry. The Norway option would not bring about any change in this regard, as those same rules would continue to apply to the UK and would still represent a hurdle for any government that wished to save, say, British steel. Trade with the rest of the world? Some will object that the Norway model鈥檚 is a small price to pay for allowing the UK to, once again, , as opposed to being constrained by the EU鈥檚 existing trade agreements. And it is true that Norway is not a member of the and is free to sign agreements with whoever it chooses. But trade patterns suggest that Norway is less engaged than the UK (as an EU member state) in trading with the rest of the world. Its trade is remarkably Eurocentric: 80% of Norway鈥檚 exports are to the EU, . As for its freedom to enter into agreements with countries outside the EU, this comes in two guises: it may enter into free trade agreements with third countries together with the other EFTA states (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Switzerland); but it can also sign separate bilateral agreements. The UK鈥檚 trade relationships are very different to Norway鈥檚. shutterstock.com A between EFTA鈥檚 and the EU鈥檚 trade agreements shows that EFTA鈥檚 are fewer and less comprehensive than the EU鈥檚. What is more, Norway seems in no hurry to sign its own bilateral trade agreements with non-EU countries. So far it has signed only two: one with Greenland, the other with the Faroe Islands. Norway to negotiate agreements through EFTA, rather than separately, in order to take advantage of its larger negotiating resources and to offer third parties access to a wider market than its own. There is also a . Exports to the EU are subject to burdensome controls and, in the case of products or inputs from certain non-EU countries, customs duties. This is not so problematic for Norway, since the bulk of its exports are primary (as opposed to manufactured) products, such as oil and gas. These are unaffected by the 鈥溾��, the intricate customs rules used to prove the origin of products. But most of the goods exported from the UK are manufactured products, often made with inputs from non-EU countries. Farming and fishing Norway retains significant control over agriculture and fisheries. But these economic sectors operate in a very different context from that of the UK. Norway uses its freedom from the Common Agricultural Policy to agriculture at a far higher level than the EU currently does, and to erect hefty tariff barriers on agricultural imports. There is a good reason for this: the country鈥檚 climate and geography make farming and agriculture extremely challenging. Fishermen campaigning for Brexit. EPA/Facundo Arrizabalaga Norway is also outside of the EU鈥檚 Common Fisheries Policy. Yet, as the , it can punch above its weight in international negotiations and in negotiations with the EU (where most of its fish exports end up). Some will see this Norwegian success as a beacon for Brexit. Others may doubt whether leaving the UK鈥檚 fishing industry alone to compete against, and negotiate with, formidable rivals such as Norway and the EU was a good idea after all. Enduring appeal Given that the Norway option seems to make nearly every category worse off than before, why could this solution remain on the table? The answer lies in the structure of the UK鈥檚 economy, which is dominated by the services sector. The success of this part of the economy, and its trade surplus, largely . What is more, the EU is the largest export market for UK services. If the UK was to leave the single market, it would wreak significant damage on its most successful exports. Alternative arrangements, such as a network of trade agreements for different sectors, would take years to negotiate and would have limited coverage. By contrast, EEA membership would offer the chance to contain the damage. Yet, at the same time, it would contradict the stated purpose of Brexit. Herein lies the dilemma. , Lecturer in Law, This article was originally published on . Read the . Share: Latest News 缅北禁地 recognised with geography award 缅北禁地 has been awarded the Highly Commended Geographical Association Publishers Award for its collaboration with Time for Geography, the UK鈥檚 open-access, dedicated video platform. published on: 16 April 2026 缅北禁地 historians mark General Strike centenary To mark the 100th anniversary of the British General Strike and miners鈥� lock-out of 1926, historians at 缅北禁地 are organising a series of events on its enduring legacy. published on: 16 April 2026 Comment: NCP is in administration Writing for The Conversation, Erwei (David) Xiang discusses how some big companies like NCP are so dependent on debt that they can鈥檛 adjust to change. published on: 16 April 2026 Facts and figures
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