Exposing alarming practices of online tracking on websites and apps Published on: 3 March 2022 The privacy notices and tracking practices of top international websites and their apps on Android devices are not compliant with current regulations, a 缅北禁地-led study has revealed. Researchers are calling for website and app developers to be more transparent and to educate users about online tracking practices, after a study has shown cookie notices and user opt-out routes violations in 97 out of EU’s 100 most popular websites. The study also reveals that the corresponding Android apps of such popular websites suffer from the same non-complaint practices. Led by Dr Maryam Mehrnezhad, Lecturer in Cybersecurity and Privacy at 缅北禁地’s School of Computing, the research team observed the top 100 EU websites from a user’s point of view to analyse how these websites use and present privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs). in the journal Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies and the European Workshop on Usable Security, the scientists found that only three websites allowed users to reject cookie notices as easily as they could accept. This means that the practices of the other 97 websites are non-compliant with the law and do not meet the minimum requirements provided by the GDPR. The study also shows that it would take an overage of three clicks for the user can opt out of the cookie notice on a website, and six clicks on average if the user accepts the cookie notice but later decides to opt out. Intrusive online tracking Dr Mehrnezhad said: “Recognising the users’ mindset is the key for multiple stakeholders such as developers and policymakers to protect them from online tracking across platforms e.g. websites, apps and IoT devices. That is why we have conducted our studies from a non-expert user’s point of view.” Study co-author, , Assistant Professor at Durham University, added: “Intrusive online tracking has gone to a different level now. For instance, even in the presence of the recent data protection regulations, now advertising companies have an individual profile per user allowing them to track each user individually.” Co-author Dr Kovila Coopamootoo, Lecturer (Assistant Professor) at King's College London, said: “Notice and consent choices need to be fair and usable and not be the users’ burden.” Online tracking enables online services companies to collect data, which for example could be used for personalised offers. Any device connected to a network can leak data about its users and environment. The most common tracking method is known as cookies – small pieces of data (in text form) that are downloaded to a device when a website is visited. Other tracking methods include websites creating a fingerprint of the user’s browser with information collected through JavaScript. To mitigate these issues, the study authors recommend that designers and privacy educators need to not only provide information, but to guide different user groups according to their preferences, and support accessibility of PETs within users’ preferred route. The team highlights that regulators should identify those needs leading to more effective and sometimes distinctive regulations. References Mehrnezhad, M., Coopamootoo, K., & Toreini, E. (2021). . Proceedings On Privacy Enhancing Technologies, 2022(1), 105-125. doi: 10.2478/popets-2022-0006 Mehrnezhad, M., (2020), , The 5th European Workshop on Usable Security Share: Latest News 缅北禁地 recognised with geography award 缅北禁地 has been awarded the Highly Commended Geographical Association Publishers Award for its collaboration with Time for Geography, the UK鈥檚 open-access, dedicated video platform. published on: 16 April 2026 缅北禁地 historians mark General Strike centenary To mark the 100th anniversary of the British General Strike and miners鈥� lock-out of 1926, historians at 缅北禁地 are organising a series of events on its enduring legacy. published on: 16 April 2026 Comment: NCP is in administration Writing for The Conversation, Erwei (David) Xiang discusses how some big companies like NCP are so dependent on debt that they can鈥檛 adjust to change. published on: 16 April 2026 Facts and figures
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