Comment: Cambodia: Hun Sen proves himself the ultimate survivor Published on: 28 July 2023 Writing for The Conversation, Professor Rhona Smith discusses how five decades on from the Khmer Rouge, Hun Sen is proving himself the ultimate survivor with his plan to hand power to his son. , Cambodia鈥檚 newly re-elected prime minister, Hun Sen, has confirmed he will hand over the premiership to his son, Hun Manet, in August after 38 years at the top of the country鈥檚 politics. Hun Sen, who has been at the helm of the Cambodian government since 1985, won a on July 23. That general election, the seventh of Cambodia鈥檚 modern era, was designed to display a transition of sorts back to a multi-party democracy after the country became a one-party state in 2018. The by the royalist Funcinpec party (token) evidence of this. In reality, the power of the ruling Cambodian People鈥檚 Party (CPP) is unfettered. A common mantra in Hun Sen鈥檚 rhetoric is 鈥溾��, something that particularly resonates with the prime minister鈥檚 contemporaries. But the reality of life in Cambodia is quite different 鈥� were adults when Hun Sen first became prime minister. For the few old enough to remember life before, it was a period of scarcely imaginable horrors 鈥� famine, civil war, and the genocidal 鈥渒illing fields鈥� regime of the Khmer Rouge. Hun Sen himself in the early years of the regime, later fleeing to Vietnam. He returned to Cambodia with the Vietnamese invasion of 1978 and took the position of foreign minister 鈥� before, in 1985, . A UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia () was created in 1992 to oversee the Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict, with the withdrawal of all foreign forces and the first democratic elections of the modern era in 1993. That election was by Funcinpec, but Hun Sen rejected the result and negotiated a role for himself as the country鈥檚 second prime minister. He consolidated his position , and his CPP party has won every subsequent election. Dealing with the opposition The biggest electoral shock , when the newly formed Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP), combining the Human Rights Party and the Sam Rainsy Party, secured 44% of the votes to the CPP鈥檚 49%. Rainsy, then leader of the CNRP, and Hun Sen have a long-established political rivalry. Rainsy has including insult, treason and electoral offences 鈥� and almost as many pardons. He remains based in France in self-imposed exile. In 2013, controversy over the results evolved into a boycott of Cambodia鈥檚 elected national assembly (the lower house of the bicameral parliament). Eventually, a plan was agreed for the CNRP to share some power in committees and an accord was concluded 鈥� but it did not last long. The CNRP maintained its political momentum. In local-level elections in June 2017, it again secured almost 44% of the votes cast, giving the party a realistic chance of building on this in the next rounds of elections. Political and social debate and opposition were, however, heavily restricted in the run-up to . Political rhetoric from the CPP warned of violence and bloodshed, or even civil war, should they fail to be re-elected. A number of laws were deployed to restrict political commentary, with the CNRP and its supporters often targeted. One of Cambodia鈥檚 main independent newspapers . Its last front page carried the arrest of Kem Sokha, then leader of the CNRP, on treason charges. Various radio stations were also forced to close, and public debate was restricted and ever more regulated. Electoral law amendments restricted the role of Rainsy and curtailed political opposition. In November 2017, the CPP used one of those new processes to and redistribute all local-level seats it had won in the June 2017 local election 鈥� primarily to the CPP. While Kem Sokha was arrested in September 2017, it wasn鈥檛 until March 2023 that he was of conspiracy with a foreign power and treason, and sentenced to 27 years鈥� imprisonment. He is also banned from involvement in politics. Following the 2018 National Assembly elections, Cambodia became a one-party state, with the CPP winning all the seats. At the 2022 local elections, the CPP secured 74% of the vote. This time, the main opposition came from the Candlelight Party (drawing in part on elements of the former CNRP), which . But Candlelight was in July 2023鈥檚 national election, due to apparent irregularities in its registration documentation. Not taking any chances, political rhetoric from the CPP continued to highlight the dangers of voting for opposition parties, and led to Facebook (a widely used platform in Cambodia) for a video threatening to beat up opposition figures. A new generation? Given all this, the general election results . With the prime minister handing the leadership of the country to his son, it is expected that many of Hun Sen鈥檚 cabinet will also step down and hand over to . Hun Sen has indicated that the transfer of power is part of his . He will retain leadership of the CPP and remain a lawmaker, when the incumbent retires. Many commentators expect him to continue to wield influential power over the country and its politics. While a new generation of political faces may connect more with the youthful population of the country, they may struggle to reconcile the authoritarian state they inherit with the liberal multiparty democracy called for by Cambodia鈥檚 constitution. The true test of stability in a democracy is, arguably, continuity during a transition of leadership and change of governing party. With Hun Sen choosing to step aside now, there are five years for Hun Manet to shape his power before the future of the CPP is tested in the next set of elections. , Professor of International Human Rights, 缅北禁地 Law School, This article is republished from under a Creative Commons license. Read the . 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