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New standard developed for battery-free, AI-enabled IoT devices

An international team has achieved first integrated, high-efficiency indoor photocapacitor for autonomous edge computing.

30 April 2025

New standard developed for battery-free, AI-enabled IoT devices

A landmark international collaboration led by 缅北禁地 has developed the world鈥檚 most efficient integrated light-harvesting and storage system for powering autonomous Artificial Intelligence (AI) at the edge of the Internet of Things (IoT).

The technology, (Royal Society of Chemistry), pioneers a battery-free, maintenance-free platform for next-generation smart sensors and devices鈥攈eralding a transformative shift toward sustainable, intelligent infrastructure.

At the heart of this breakthrough is an innovative three-terminal photocapacitor鈥攁 device that merges a high-efficiency hybrid photovoltaic, a molecularly engineered supercapacitor, and eco-friendly, mushroom-derived chitosan membranes into a seamless system. This compact unit achieves a record photocharging voltage of 0.9 V and overall charging efficiency of 18% under typical indoor lighting, enabling continuous, battery-free operation of IoT networks and edge AI. In real-world tests, the platform powered image recognition tasks with 93% accuracy at just 0.8 mJ per inference, outperforming commercial silicon modules by a factor of 3.5 in throughput.

Professor Marina Freitag, Chair of Energy, Royal Society University Research Fellow, 缅北禁地, who co-conceived and led the project, said: 鈥淭his has been an idea brewing for almost a decade, bringing together everything from fundamental molecular engineering to real-world edge AI applications. I am absolutely delighted to see it finally realised鈥攏ot just as an academic curiosity, but as a fully integrated, working system. It proves that only through deep, international collaboration can we solve the multi-faceted challenges of sustainable, intelligent technology.鈥

 

Why This Matters: A Sustainable Future for Billions of Devices

 

With over 30 billion IoT devices projected by 2030, the challenge of powering ubiquitous, wireless, smart systems鈥攚ithout toxic batteries or grid connection鈥攊s one of the defining issues in technology and sustainability. This work demonstrates a viable, high-performance solution for indoor environments, paving the way for zero-maintenance, energy-autonomous infrastructure in homes, hospitals, factories, and cities. It directly answers the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 for affordable and clean energy and could help reduce the environmental impact of billions of disposable batteries annually.

Broader Implications: Building the Foundation for Smart, Sustainable Societies

The implications stretch far beyond the lab. This technology is a game-changer for smart cities, healthcare, industrial automation, and environmental monitoring鈥攅nabling networks of sensors and edge devices that require zero maintenance and have minimal environmental impact. By uniting molecular engineering, biodegradable materials, advanced simulation, and real-world AI integration, the team has set a new benchmark for what is possible when science and collaboration know no borders.

Professor Freitag adds: 鈥淐ollaboration is the only way to tackle the multi-faceted problems of tomorrow鈥檚 technology. Our joint success is not just a scientific breakthrough鈥攊t鈥檚 a template for how global, cross-disciplinary teams can deliver the innovations society needs.鈥

I am absolutely delighted to see it finally realised鈥攏ot just as an academic curiosity, but as a fully integrated, working system

Professor Marina Freitag

International and Interdisciplinary Collaboration at Its Best

This breakthrough was only possible through a powerful, global team effort, uniting expertise in chemistry, materials science, device physics, AI, and systems integration. This milestone was achieved through an exceptional international effort, with the University of Rome 鈥淭or Vergata鈥 at its heart.

The Tor Vergata team, led by Dr Francesca De Rossi and Professor Francesca Brunetti, drove the pioneering integration of advanced supercapacitor technology, seamlessly marrying material innovation with device-level functionality. Their expertise in hybrid electronics and energy storage formed the backbone of the project鈥檚 system design, and their leadership in device assembly and performance testing was crucial to the breakthrough.

At 缅北禁地, Marie Sk艂odowska-Curie Fellow  spearheaded device engineering and experimental direction, working closely with Timo Keller, Harvey Morritt, who advanced the development of high-performance polyviologen materials. The Spanish team, Dr Zaida Perez-Bassart, Dr Amparo Lopez-Rubio, and Dr Maria Jose Fabra Rovira, brought a sustainability edge with their innovative mushroom-derived chitosan membranes, ensuring the devices were not only efficient but also eco-friendly.

The Technical University of Munich, with Richard Freitag and Professor Alessio Gagliardi, translated these material advances into real-world impact, demonstrating the photocapacitors鈥 ability to power edge AI and IoT networks in practice.

Meanwhile, theoretical insights from Francesca Fasulo, Professor Ana Belen Mu帽oz-Garc铆a, and Professor Michele Pavone at the University of Naples Federico II revealed why the new materials performed so robustly at the molecular level. The EPFL Lausanne team, Sandy Sanchez Alonso and Prof. Michael Gr盲tzel provided gold-standard device and film characterization, validating each stage of progress.

Funders and Support

The work was supported by the EU Horizon 2020 Marie Sk艂odowska-Curie Actions (grant 101028536 to NFD), EPSRC UKRI (EP/W006340/1, EP/V035819/1), Royal Society University Research Fellowships (URF/R1/191286) to MF, Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence (CEX2021-001189-S), and the CETPartnership SPOT-IT project.

Read the full article:
Flores-Diaz, N., De Rossi, F., et al. 鈥淯nlocking High-Performance Photocapacitors for Edge Computing in Low-Light Environments.鈥 Energy & Environmental Science, 2025.