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Staff Profile

Professor Colin Harwood

Professor of Molecular Microbiology

Background

Roles and Responsibilities

Qualifications

Ph.D. Microbial Genetics, University of Leeds

B.Sc. Biological Sciences, University of London

Memberships

Honorary Member of the Microbiology Society

Royal Society of Biology (Fellow) 

I am a member of the Biosciences Institute, and my work contributes to the Molecular and Cellular Microbiology research theme.

Research


I am a member of the Biosciences Institute, and my work contributes to the Molecular and Cellular Microbiology research theme.

Research Interests

Microbial protein secretion

Microbial responses to environmental stress

Microbial gene expression and regulatory networks

Genomics and functional analysis of Bacillus species

Antibiotic resistance transfer and regulatory issues concerning antibiotic resistance

Host genome refactoring for the production of specific metabolites and proteins

Current Work

Optimisation of Bacillus subtilis for the secretion of heterologous and industrial proteins and enzymes

Therapeutic proteins (including those required for experimental purposes and clinical trials) are major products of biomanufacturing processes and considerable time and expense are expended to maximise the yield and quality of proteins produced in heterologous hosts. The production host of choice is the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli for which many strains and expression systems have been developed. However, one size does not fit all: E. coli is not suitable for the production of many proteins, either because it is not able to carry out appropriate post-translational modifications (e.g. glycosylation) or because it does not facilitate their folding into a native (i.e. functional) configuration. The former can be overcome by use of more expensive eukaryotic host production systems, while the latter can often be overcome by secreting proteins from the cytoplasm. Secretion has three major potential advantages over intracellular accumulation: the secreted target protein is usually natively folded; yields can be as high or higher than that obtained from intracellular E. coli host/vector systems; there is a reduced requirement for expensive extraction and purification procedures, with reduced risks of contamination with host proteins and nucleic acids.

Although various microbial protein secretion systems have been developed, all currently have limitations that restrict their use and value as a tool for the Biomanufacturing industry. These systems include secretion into the periplasm of E. coli and subsequent selective release and purification; production in the yeast Pichia pastoris; production in Bacillus subtilis and close relatives. In all cases, the yields are relatively low compared with that of the intracellular E. coli systems (mg rather than g per litre).

Bacillus subtilis is widely used for the commercial production of industrial enzymes, particularly for the food and detergents’ industries. Its advantage is its capacity to secrete native Bacillus proteins into the culture medium at concentrations in excess of ten of grams per litre. However, experience with the use of this bacterium for the production of heterologous proteins has been mixed with, in most cases, generally low yields. The aim of this proposal is to exploit knowledge of the genomics and systems biology of B. subtilis to develop this bacterium as a host/vector system for the production of high quality heterologous proteins for clinical trials and for high-throughput X-ray crystallographic studies. The aim is not to replace E. coli as the primary host for heterologous protein production, but to expand the range of host/vector systems that are available for problematical proteins.

Response of Bacillus spp. to environmental and host stresses  

Bacterial evolution is driven by environmental stresses and the need to both survive and compete. For example, infectious disease is the culmination of a battle between the pathogen and its host. Central to the host’s innate defence mechanism are phagocytic cells; macrophages and dendritic cells. Phagocytes express a series of antibacterial factors, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, antibacterial peptides and enzymes. They can also impose increased acidification. In spite of these defence mechanisms, several clinically important pathogens can proliferate inside macrophages. The interaction between Bacillus anthracis and host macrophages is central to its pathogenesis. However, an understanding of the cellular and molecular interactions between B. anthracis and the immune system is far from complete. B. anthracis avoids and even breaches cells of the immune system: vegetative cells avoid macrophages by virtue of their possession of a poly-D-glutamic acid capsule, while engulfment of spores by alveolar macrophages and their subsequent efficient germination within the macrophage is an important component of its ability to cause infection. However, it is not clear if B. anthracis can multiply in macrophages. We have dissected the B. anthracis-macrophage relationship through a combination of cellular, genetic and molecular approaches in comparison with a related environmental bacterium, Bacillus subtilis.

Regulatory issues associated innate and acquired antibiotic resistance

I work with European companies and trade organisation to address the issue of antibiotic resistance associated with industrial organisms use for feed and food. A key issue is the identification of innate resistance genes, that tend to remain stably associated with their host organism, and resistance genes associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that are responsible for the widespread spread of antibiotic resistance organisms in the environment. In recent years we have collaborated with colleagues in civil engineering to develop and monitor the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes in water treatment plants. 

Postgraduate Supervision

Yes

Esteem Indicators

Elected Honorary Member of the Microbiology Society

Former Treasurer, Council Member and Publications Officer of the Microbiology Society

Treasurer and Board Member of the Federation of European Microbiology Societies (FEMS)

Former Board Member and Chair of the Finance Strategy Committee of the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB)

Former Coordinator of two EU FP6 Programme

Advisor to European and Japanese Industrial Biotechnology companies 

Funding

EPSRC

BBSRC

TSB/Innovate UK

European Commission

Industrial Relevance

Biomanufacturing and regulatory issues concerning antibiotic resistance and secondary metabolite synthesis

Patents

1.Harwood, C.R., Stephenson, K., Jørgensen, S.T., Jensen, C.L., and Kristensen, T. (1999) Improved prokaryotic expression of proteins. International Patent. PCT/GB98/01051

2.Harwood, C.R., Stephenson, K., Sarvas. M and Kontinen, V. (1999)

Protein secretion. International Patent PCT/GB99/02191

Teaching

Undergraduate Teaching

BGM1004 - Genetics

CMB3000 - Research Project 

Postgraduate Teaching

PhD students


Publications

  • Articles

    • Harwood CR, Kikuchi Y. . FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2022, 46(1), fuab046.
    • Cleverley RM, Webb D, Middlemiss S, Clare AS, Okano K, Harwood CR, Aldred N. . Marine Biotechnology 2021, 23, 928-942.
    • Huang Y, Smith W, Harwood C, Wipat A, Bacardit J. . Sensors 2021, 21(7), 2436.
    • Jong M-C, Harwood CR, Blackburn A, Snape JR, Graham DW. . Environmental Science and Technology 2020, 54(23), 14984–14993.
    • Almond J, Hacker J, Harwood C, Pizza M, Rappuoli R, Ron EZ, Sansonetti P, Vanderslott S, Wieler LH. . microLife 2020, 1(1).
    • Al-Zahrani IA, Azhar EI, Jiman-Fatani AA, Siddig LA, Yasir M, Al-Ghamdi AK, Harwood CR. . Journal of Infection and Public Health 2019, 12(3), 317-322.
    • Sauer C, van Themaat EVL, Boender LGM, Groothuis D, Cruz R, Hamoen LW, Harwood CR, van Rij T. . ACS Synthetic Biology 2018, 7(7), 1773-1784.
    • Jong M-C, Su J-Q, Bunce JT, Harwood CR, Snape JR, Zhu Y-G, Graham DW. . Science of the Total Environment 2018, 634, 1417-1423.
    • Borriss R, Danchin A, Harwood CR, Médigue C, Rocha EPC, Sekowska A, Vallenet D. . Microbial Biotechnology 2018, 11(1), 3-17.
    • Glenwright H, Pohl S, Navarro F, Miro E, Jiménez G, Blanch AR, Harwood CR. . Frontiers in Microbiology 2017, 7, 1-15.
    • Gilbert C, Howarth M, Harwood CR, Ellis T. . ACS Synthetic Biology 2017, 6, 957-967.
    • Sauer C, Syvertsson S, Bohorquez LC, Cruz R, Harwood CR, van Rij T, Hamoen LW. . ACS Synthetic Biology 2016, 5(9), 942-947.
    • Ulyanova V, Vershinina V, Ilinskaya O, Harwood CR. . Microbiological Research 2015, 170, 131-138.
    • Flanagan K, Cockell S, Harwood C, Hallinan J, Nakjang S, Lawry B, Wipat A. . Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics 2014, 11(2), 242.
    • Pohl S, Bhavsar G, Hulme J, Bloor AE, Misirli G, Leckenby MW, Radford DS, Smith W, Wipat A, Williamson ED, Harwood CR, Cranenburgh RM. . Proteomics 2013, 13(22), 3298-3308.
    • Krishnappa L, Dreisbach A, Otto A, Goosens VJ, Cranenburgh RM, Harwood CR, Becher D, Maarten van Dijl J. . Journal of Proteome Research 2013, 12(9), 4101-4110.
    • Tu WY, Pohl S, Gizynski K, Harwood CR. . Journal of Bacteriology 2012, 194(5), 925-931.
    • Flanagan K, Nakjang S, Hallinan J, Harwood C, Hirt RP, Pocock MR, Wipat A. . Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics 2012, 9(2), 12.
    • Buescher JM, Liebermeister W, Jules M, Uhr M, Muntel J, Botella E, Hessling B, Kleijn RJ, Le Chat L, Lecointe F, Mäder U, Nicolas P, Piersma S, Rügheimer F, Becher D, Bessieres P, Bidnenko E, Denham EL, Dervyn E, Devine KM, Doherty G, Drulhe S, Felicori L, Fogg M, Goelzer A, Hansen A, Harwood CR, Hecker M, Hubner S, Hultschig C, Jarmer H, Klipp E, Leduc A, Lewis P, Molina F, Noirot P, Peres S, Pigeonneau N, Pohl S, Rasmussen S, Rinn B, Schaffer M, Schnidder J, Schwikowski B, Van Dijl JM, Veiga P, Walsh S, Wilkinson AJ, Stelling J, Aymerich S, Sauer U. . Science 2012, 335(6072), 1099-1103.
    • Newman JA, Hewitt L, Rodrigues C, Solovyova AS, Harwood CR, Lewis RJ. . Journal of Molecular Biology 2012, 416(1), 121-136.
    • Nicolas P, Mäder U, Dervyn E, Rochat T, Leduc A, Pigeonneau N, Bidnenko E, Marchadier E, Hoebeke M, Aymerich S, Becher D, Bisicchia P, Botella E, Delumeau O, Doherty G, Denham EL, Fogg M, Fromion V, Goelzer A, Hansen A, Härtig E, Harwood CR, Homuth G, Jarmer H, Jules M, Klipp E, Le Chat L, Lecointe F, Lewis P, Liebemeister W, March A, Mars RAT, Nannapaneni P, Noone D, Pohl S, Rinn B, Rügheimer F, Sappa PK, Samson F, Schaffer M, Schwikowski B, Steil L, Stülke J, Wiegert T, Devine K, Wilkinson AJ, van Dijl JM, Hecker M, Völker U, Bessières P, Noirot P. . Science 2012, 335(6072), 1103-1106.
    • Tu WY, Pohl S, Summpunn P, Hering S, Kerstan S, Harwood CR. . Microbiology 2012, 158, 636-647.
    • Tu WY, Pohl S, Gray J, Robinson NJ, Harwood CR, Waldron KJ. . Journal of Bacteriology 2012, 194(5), 932-940.
    • Newman JA, Hewitt L, Rodrigues C, Solovyova A, Harwood CR, Lewis RJ. . Structure 2011, 19(9), 1241-1251.
    • Stadler LKJ, Hoffmann T, Tomlinson DC, Song Q, Lee T, Busby M, Nyathi Y, Gendra E, Tiede C, Flanagan K, Cockell SJ, Wipat A, Harwood C, Wagner SD, Knowles MA, Davis JJ, Keegan N, KoFerrigno P. . Protein Engineering Design and Selection 2011, 24(9), 751-763.
    • Al-Zahrani IA, Hamson C, Edge D, Collins J, Perry JD, Raza M, Gould K, Harwood CR. . Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2011, 49(11), 3820-3828.
    • van der Ploeg R, Mader U, Homuth G, Schaffer M, Denham EL, Monteferrante CG, Miethke M, Marahiel MA, Harwood CR, Winter T, Hecker M, Antelmann H, van Dijl JM. . PLoS ONE 2011, 6(3), e18140.
    • Dzhongova E, Harwood CR, Thennadil SN. . Applied Spectroscopy 2011, 65(11), 1314-1320.
    • Pohl S, Tu WY, Aldridge PD, Gillespie C, Hahne H, Mäder U, Read TD, Harwood CR. . Proteomics 2011, 11(15), 3036-3055.
    • Pohl S, Harwood CR. . Advances in Applied Microbiology 2010, 73, 1-25.
    • Dzhongova E, Harwood CR, Thennadil SN. . Applied Spectroscopy 2009, 63(1), 25-32.
    • Craddock T, Harwood CR, Hallinan J, Wipat A. . Nature Reviews in Microbiology 2008, 6(12), 948-954.
    • Harvie DR, Andreini C, Cavallaro G, Meng W, Connolly BA, Yoshida K-I, Fujita Y, Harwood CR, Radford DS, Tottey S, Cavet JS, Robinson NJ. . Molecular Microbiology 2006, 59(4), 1341-1356.
    • Allenby NEE, Watts CA, Homuth G, Pragai Z, Wipat A, Ward AC, Harwood CR. . Journal of Bacteriology 2006, 188(14), 5299-5303.
    • Antelmann H, Williams RC, Miethke M, Wipat A, Albrecht D, Harwood CR, Hecker M. . Proteomics 2005, 5(14), 3684-3695.
    • Allenby NEE, O'Connor N, Pragai Z, Ward AC, Wipat A, Harwood CR. . Journal of Bacteriology 2005, 187(23), 8063-8080.
    • Pragai Z, Allenby NEE, O'Connor N, Dubrac S, Rapoport G, Msadek T, Harwood CR. . Journal of Bacteriology 2004, 186(4), 1182-1190.
    • Shaw OJ, Harwood C, Steggles LJ, Wipat A. . Bioinformatics 2004, 20(18), 3638-3640.
    • Allenby NEE, O'Connor N, Pragai Z, Carter NM, Miethke M, Engelmann S, Hecker M, Wipat A, Ward AC, Harwood CR. . Microbiology 2004, 150(8), 2619-2628.
    • Williams RC, Rees ML, Jacobs MF, Pragai Z, Thwaite JE, Baillie LWJ, Emmerson PT, Harwood CR. . Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003, 278(20), 18056-18062.
    • Sandén AM, Prytz I, Tubulekas I, Förberg C, Le H, Hektor A, Neubauer P, Prágai Z, Harwood C, Ward A, Picon A, De Mattos JT, Postma P, Farewell A, Nyström T, Reeh S, Pedersen S, Larsson G. . Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2003, 81(2), 158-166.
    • Prytz I, Sanden AM, Nystrom T, Farewell A, Wahlstrom A, Forberg C, Pragai Z, Barer M, Harwood C, Larsson G. . Biotechnology and Bioengineering 2003, 83(5), 595-603.
    • Kobayashi K, Ehrlich SD, Albertini A, Amati G, Andersen KK, Arnaud M, Asai K, Ashikaga S, Aymerich S, Bessieres P, Boland F, Brignell SC, Bron S, Bunai K, Chapuis J, Christiansen LC, Danchin A, Debarbouille M, Dervyn E, Deuerling E, Devine K, Devine SK, Dreesen O, Errington J, Fillinger S, Foster SJ, Fujita Y, Galizzi A, Gardan R, Eschevins C, Fukushima T, Haga K, Harwood CR, Hecker M, Hosoya D, Hullo MF, Kakeshita H, Karamata D, Kasahara Y, Kawamura F, Koga K, Koski P, Kuwana R, Imamura D, Ishimaru M, Ishikawa S, Ishio I, Le Coq D, Masson A, Mauel C, Meima R, Mellado RP, Moir A, Moriya S, Nagakawa E, Nanamiya H, Nakai S, Nygaard P, Ogura M, Ohanan T, O'Reilly M, O'Rourke M, Pragai Z, Pooley HM, Rapoport G, Rawlins JP, Rivas LA, Rivolta C, Sadaie A, Sadaie Y, Sarvas M, Sato T, Saxild HH, Scanlan E, Schumann W, Seegers JFML, Sekiguchi J, Sekowska A, Seror SJ, Simon M, Stragier P, Studer R, Takamatsu H, Tanaka T, Takeuchi M, Thomaides HB, Vagner V, Van Dijl JM, Watabe K, Wipat A, Yamamoto H, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto Y, Yamane K, Yata K, Yoshida K, Yoshikawa H, Zuber U, Ogasawara N. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2003, 100(8), 4678-4683.
    • Radford DS, Kihlken MA, Borrelly GPM, Harwood CR, Le Brun NE, Cavet JS. . FEMS Microbiology Letters 2003, 220(1), 105-112.
    • Radford DS, Kihlken MA, Borrelly GPM, Harwood CR, Le Brun NE, Robinson NJ, Cavet JS. . FEMS Microbiology Letters 2003, 220(1), 105-112.
    • Stephenson K, Jensen CL, Jorgensen ST, Harwood CR. . Letters in Applied Microbiology 2002, 34(6), 394-397.
    • Pragai Z, Harwood CR. . Microbiology 2002, 148(5), 1593-1602.
    • Thwaite JE, Baillie LWJ, Carter NM, Stephenson K, Rees M, Harwood CR, Emmerson PT. . Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2002, 68(1), 227-234.
    • Harwood CR, Wipat A, Pragai Z. . Methods in Microbiology 2002, 33, 337-367.
    • Harwood CR, Moszer I. . Comparative and Functional Genomics 2002, 3(1), 37-41.
    • Smith RJ, Newton AT, Harwood CR, Barer MR. . Microbiology 2002, 148, 2717-2726.
    • Harwood CR, Crawshaw SG, Wipat A. . Comparative and Functional Genomics 2001, 2(1), 22-24.
    • Pragai Z, Eschevins C, Bron S, Harwood CR. . Journal of Bacteriology 2001, 183(8), 2505-2515.
    • Pragai Z, Harwood CR. . Journal of Bacteriology 2000, 182(23), 6819-6823.
    • Kimmitt PT, Harwood CR, Barer MR. . Emerging Infectious Diseases 2000, 6(5), 458-465.
    • Stephenson K, Jensen CL, Jorgensen ST, Lakey JH, Harwood CR. . Biochemical Journal 2000, 350(1), 31-39.
    • Hyyrylainen H-L, Vitikainen M, Thwaite J, Wu H, Sarvas M, Harwood CR, Kontinen VP, Stephenson K. . Journal of Biological Chemistry 2000, 275(35), 26696-26703.
    • Jensen CL, Stephenson K, Jorgensen ST, Harwood C. . Microbiology 2000, 146(10), 2583-2594.
    • Lahooti M, Harwood CR. . Microbiology 1999, 145(12), 3409-3417.
    • Kimmitt PT, Harwood CR, Barer MR. . Lancet 1999, 353(9164), 1588-1589.
    • Bolhuis A, Tjalsma H, Stephenson K, Harwood CR, Venema G, Bron S, Van Dijl JM. . Journal of Biological Chemistry 1999, 274(22), 15865-15868.
    • Stephenson K, Bron S, Harwood CR. . Letters in Applied Microbiology 1999, 29(2), 141-145.
    • D. B. Kell, A. S. Kaprelyants, D. H. Weichart, C. R. Harwood and M. R. Barer. Viability and activity in readily culturable bacteria: a review and discussion of the practical issues. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 1998, 73, 169-187.
    • Wipat A, Brignell SC, Guy BJ, Rose M, Emmerson PT, Harwood CR. . Microbiology 1998, 144(6), 1593-1600.
    • K. Stephenson, N. M. Carter, C. R. Harwood, M. F. Petit-Glatron and R. G. Chambert. The influence of protein folding on late stages of the secretion of alpha-amylases from Bacillus subtilis. Febs Letters 1998, 430, 385-389.
    • J. P. Muller and C. R. Harwood. Protein secretion in phosphate-limited cultures of Bacillus subtilis 168. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 1998, 49, 321-327.
    • M. R. Barer, A. S. Kaprelyants, D. H. Weichart, C. R. Harwood and D. B. Kell. Microbial stress and culturability: conceptual and operational domains. Microbiology-UK 1998, 144, 2009-2010.
    • K. Stephenson and C. R. Harwood. Influence of a cell-wall-associated protease on production of alpha-amylase by Bacillus subtilis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1998, 64, 2875-2881.
    • V. Parro, R. P. Mellado and C. R. Harwood. Effects of phosphate limitation on agarase production by Streptomyces lividans TK21. Fems Microbiology Letters 1998, 158, 107-113.
    • Kunst F, Ogasawara N, Moszer I, Albertini AM, Alloni G, Azevedo V, Bertero MG, Bessieres P, Bolotin A, Borchert S, Borriss R, Boursier L, Brans A, Braun M, Brignell SC, Bron S, Brouillet S, Bruschi CV, Caldwell B, Capuano V, Carter NM, Choi S-K, Codani J-J, Connerton IF, Cummings NJ, Daniel RA, Denizot F, Devine KM, Dusterhoft A, Ehrlich SD, Emmerson PT, Entian KD, Errington J, Fabret C, Ferrari E, Foulger D, Fritz C, Fujita M, Fujita Y, Fuma S, Galizzi A, Galleron N, Ghim S-Y, Glaser P, Goffeau A, Golightly EJ, Grandi G, Guiseppi G, Guy BJ, Haga K, Haiech J, Harwood CR, Henaut A, Hilbert H, Holsappel S, Hosono S, Hullo M-F, Itaya M, Jones L, Joris B, Karamata D, Kasahara Y, Klaerr-Blanchard M, Klein C, Kobayashi Y, Koetter P, Koningstein G, Krogh S, Kumano M, Kurita K, Lapidus A, Lardinois S, Lauber J, Lazarevic V, Lee S-M, Levine A, Liu H, Masuda S, Mauel C, Medigue C, Medina N, Mellado RP, Mizuno M, Moestl D, Nakai S, Noback M, Noone D, O'Reilly M, Ogawa K, Ogiwara A, Oudega B, Park S-H, Parro V, Pohl TM, Portetelle D, Porwollik S, Prescott AM, Presecan E, Pujic P. . Nature 1997, 390(6657), 249-256.
    • J. P. Muller, Z. D. An, T. Merad, I. C. Hancock and C. R. Harwood. Influence of Bacillus subtilis phoR on cell wall anionic polymers. Microbiology-Uk 1997, 143, 947-956.
    • Gothel SF, Schmid R, Wipat A, Carter NM, Emmerson PT, Harwood CR, Marahiel MA. . European Journal of Biochemistry 1997, 244(1), 59-65.
    • Fnlmerson P-I, Brignell C, Wipat A, Cartez N, Pragia Z, Guy BJ, Harwood CR. . FASEB Journal 1997, 11(9), A1368-.
    • Wipat A, Carter N, Brignell SC, Guy BJ, Piper K, Sanders J, Emmerson PT, Harwood CR. . Microbiology 1996, 142(11), 3067-3078.
    • Harwood CR, Wipat A. . FEBS Letters 1996, 389(1), 84-87.
    • Gerth U, Wipat A, Harwood CR, Carter N, Emmerson PT, Hecker M. . Gene 1996, 181(1-2), 77-83.
    • C. Eymann, H. Mach, C. R. Harwood and M. Hecker. Phosphate-starvation-inducible proteins in Bacillus subtilis: A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis study. Microbiology-UK 1996, 142, 3163-3170.
    • Lewis PJ, Nwoguh CE, Barer MR, Harwood CR, Errington J. . Molecular Microbiology 1994, 13, 655-662.
    • SCOTT NW, HARWOOD CR. MECILLINAM SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI K-12-MUTANTS DEFICIENT IN THE ADENOSINE-3',5'-MONOPHOSPHATE SYSTEM. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1981, 19(4), 540-544.
    • SCOTT NW, HARWOOD CR. STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE CYCLIC-AMP SYSTEM ON MAJOR OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEINS OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI-K12. FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS 1980, 9(2), 95-98.

  • Book Chapters

    • Harwood CR, Pohl S, Smith W, Wipat A. . In: Colin Harwood and Anil Wipat, ed. Microbial Synthetic Biology. Oxford: Academic Press, 2013, pp.87-117.
    • Brown A, Snape JR, Harwood CR, Head IM. . In: Hogstrand, C; Kille, P, ed. Comparative Toxicogenomics. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier, 2008, pp.221-248.

  • Conference Proceedings (inc. Abstracts)

    • Craddock T, Lord P, Harwood C, Wipat A. . In: Proceedings of the UK e-Science All Hands Meeting 2006. 2006, Nottingham, UK: National e-Science Centre.
    • SCOTT NW, HARWOOD CR. MORPHOLOGY OF MUTANTS OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI-K12 DEFICIENT IN THE CYCLIC-AMP SYSTEM. In: HEREDITY. 1979.

  • Edited Book

    • Harwood CR, Wipat A, ed. . Oxford: Academic Press, 2012.

  • Editorial

    • Harwood CR, Park SH, Sauer M. . FEMS Microbiology Letters 2018, 365(24), fny275.

  • Letter

    • Hamson C, Walton KE, Collins J, Wilson L, Perry JD, Al-Zahrani IA, Harwood CR. . Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2011, 66(5), 1179-1181.

  • Note

    • Cleverley R, Webb D, Middlemiss S, Duke P, Clare A, Okano K, Harwood C, Aldred N. . Marine Biotechnology 2022, 24, 430.

  • Reviews

    • Harwood CR, Bouillon JM, Pohl S, Arnau J. . FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2018, 42(6), 721-738.
    • Brown A, Snape JR, Harwood CR, Head IM. . Advances in Experimental Biology 2008, 2, 221-248.
    • Harwood CR, Cranenburgh R. . Trends in Microbiology 2008, 16(2), 73-79.
    • Sarvas M, Harwood CR, Bron S, Van Dijl JM. . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2004, 1694(1-3), 311-327.
    • Wipat A, Harwood CR. . FEMS Microbiology Ecology 1999, 28(1), 1-9.
    • Barer MR, Harwood CR. . Advances in Microbial Physiology 1999, 41(0), 93-137.